ƘARNONIN KWAMFUTA GUDA BIYAR: KIMIYYAR NAURA MAI KWAKWALWA 17

2.4 ƘARNONIN KWAMFUTA GUDA BIYAR

Tarihin cigaba a harkar kwamfuta ya ƙunshi wasu hujjuji da aka samu daga ƙarnoni daban-daban da suka gabata na sarrafa kwamfuta. Ko wane daga cikin ƙarnin da ya shuɗe, ana samun canje-canje da kuma ƙara samun sauƙi da cigabaa wajen gudanar da aikin kwamfuta. Ana kuma ƙara samun kyakkyawan sakamako wajen gudanar da aikin ta, da kuma ƙara mata karamci da inganci, saɓanin ƙarnin dake bimasa. Kwamfuta na ƙara sauƙaƙa wajen saya.Sannan kuma ana ƙara mata ƙarfi da kuma ƙarin nagarta da sarrafa kwamfuta a matsayin abin dogaro.

A cikin wannan littafi, zamu koyi waɗannan ƙarnonin na kwamfuta guda biyar ɗayabayan ɗaya, zamu kuma yi gamsasshen bayani game da ƙarni na shida na kwamfuta.

Tafiyarmu ta fara ne a shekarar 1940 da (vacuum tube circuitry) har zuwa wani lokaci mai nisa na wucin gadi na (intelligence).

2.4.0 Ƙarni na farko ya fara daga shekarar 1940 zuwa 1956an yi amfani da (Vacuum Tubes)

Kwamfutucin farko sunyi amfani da (vacuum tubes) don rawaye (gangar magnetic) na ƙwaƙwalwa inda ya shafiɗaukar manyan ɗakuna.

Kwamfutucin suna da tsada sosai, sannan suna da wahalar aiki, bugu da ƙari suna amfani da wuta mai yawan gaske. Kwamfutocin ƙarni na farko suna ɗaukar zafi mai yawa wanda sauda yawa yakan zama sanadiyar yin aiki ba daidai ba.

Kwamfutar ƙarni na farko, ta dogara ne ga yarenta na mashin (machine language) tana da ƙarancin fahimtar shirye -shiryen da aka ɗora ta a kaidon ta gudanar. Sannan kuma iyakacinsu su iya wanye matsala ɗaya kacal, a lokaci guda. Shigarwa (Input) yana akan tushen (punched cards) da kuma (paper tape) shi kuma Fitarwa (Output)sai an yi firintin (taɓ’i) sannan ake iya ganin aikin da aka fitar.

Kwamfutar INIVAC da ENIAC sune misalan kwamfutar ƙarni na farko. UNIVAC sune suka zama na farko waɗanda suka tsirarda kasuwancin kwamfuta ga abokan ciniki a ofishin U.S. Census Bureau a shekarar 1951.

2.4.1 Ƙarni na biyu ya fara daga shekarar 1956 zuwa 1963 an yi amfani da (Transistors)

Taransisto ya zama madadin (vacuum tubes) a ƙarni na biyu a kimiyar kwamfuta. Taransisto an ƙirƙiroshi ne a shekarar 1947, amma ba ayi amfani da shi ba ga kwamfuta har sai da shekarar 1950 ta shuɗe. Taransisto yana da girma fiye da (vacuum tubes), kuma ya bada dama ga kwamfuta ta zama ƙarama, ta zama mai sauri, sauƙi da kuma ƙarfi sosai wajen gudanar da aiki da dogaro da kai fiye da kwamfutocin da suka gabata a ƙarnina farko.

Ta hanyar Taransisto harwayau yana haifar da zafi mai tsanani dake iya zama sanadiyar kwamfuta ta lalace.Yana kuma iya bada sarari da ingantawa ga (vacuum tube).

Ƙarni na biyu na kwamfuta ya tashi daga yaren injin (Cryptic binary) zuwa (symbolic) ko yaren (assembly), wanda ke bada damar masu shiryawa suiya gane bayanai a rubuce ko cikin kalma. Babban matsayi na (programming language) har ila yau yana nan yana ƙasancewa, tare da matuƙar samun cigaba a wannan lokaci. Misali na kusakusan nan na COBOL da FORTRAN. Wannan shinan akwai su ga kwamfutucin farko da ke iya adana bayanan su a cikin ƙwaƙwalensu, wanda ke matsawa daga (magnetic drum) zuwa ga kimiyar (magnetic core).

Kwamfotucin farko na wannan ƙarnin, waɗanda suka samu cigaba daga (Atomic energy Industry).

2.4.2Ƙarni na Uku ya fara daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1971 an yi amfani da (Integrated Circuits)   

Kimiyar (intergratedcircuit) ta faru ne a ƙarni na uku na kwamfuta.

A cigaba da hadden kewaye (circuite) shi ne hallmark na karni na uku na na’ura mai kwakwalwa. Inda aka yi (miniaturized) na (transistors) aka saka shi a (silicon chips) ana ce masa (semiconductors) wanda (drastically) ya ke kara sauri da (efficiency) kazarkazar na kwamfuta.

Mai makon (punched cards da printouts) da mai amfani zai mu’amalanta a karni na uku na kwamfuta mai makon allon rubutu da abin kallo (majigi) ko a ce (monitor) da (interfaced) wanda za a sarrafa kwamfuta da shi ya ba da damar gudanarda dafiyar kumussa daban-daban (applications) a lokaci daya tare da (central program) da zai iya kula da (memory) kwakwalwa. Kwamfutucin farko sun zama (accessible) ga (mass audience) saboda su kanana ne kuma masu arha ne fiye da (predecessors) dinsu. 

2.4.3Karni na Hudu ya fara daga shekarar (1971 zuwa yanzu) an yi amfani da (Microprocessors)

Shi dai (microprocessor) shi ya zo a karni na hudu na kwamfuta tare da bubban (integrated circuits) inda aka gina shi daga (silicon chip)guda daya. Wanda tun daga karni na farko da aka cika a cikin dakuna sai gashi a yanzu a cikin tafin hannu. Shi kuma (Intel 4004 chip) an fitar dashi a shekarar 1971, ya kunshi duk wani abu na kwamfuta daga (central processing unit) da (memory) da za a shigar ko a fitar a kuma kiyaye shi a (single chip).

A shekarar 1981 IBM ya gabatar da kwamfutar shi ta farko don amfanin masu aiki gida haka kuma a shekarar 1984 Apple sun gabatar da (Macintosh). Microprocessors ya fito a (realm of desktop computers) sannan a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na rayuwa a matsayin cigaban da ake ta samu na (products) da suke amfani da (microprocessors).

Da haka kananan kwamfutuci suka zama mafi karfi, zasu iya haduwa tare su hada (networks) wanda zai jagoranci cigaban (internet). Haka kuma Karni na uku na kwamfuta ya zo da cigaba na GUIs, da linzamin kwamfuta da (handheld devices).

2.4.4Karni na Biyar ya fara daga shekarar (Yau zuwa nan gaba) an yi amfani da (Artificial Interlligence)1984-1990

Kwamfuta ta karni na biyar ta ta’allaka akan wadansu sanadarai na fasahar dan adam watau (artificial interlligence).

Amfani da makamashi wadanda sautin waya ko wutar lantarki ke iya shiga su wuce (super conductors) ya taimaka daga wajen cimma wannan buri.

Manufar wannan karni na biyar ya hada da habaka wannan karni da na’urori wadan da zasu iya gane kowane yare idan ya ratsasu tare da gane abin day a wuce na yare kai tsaye.