SYSTEM UNIT: KIMIYYAR NAURA MAI KWAKWALWA 22

3.1 TSARIN NA’URAR KWAMFUTA (SYSTEM UNIT)

Tsarin na’urar kwamfuta shine kamar yaddamuka ganshi a gefen hagu, wani akwati ne na ƙarfe da ya ƙunshi duk wani abu da ya ƙunshiharkar lantarki.

Kayayyakin lantarkin idan mun fahimta, sune kayyayyakin da ake iya gani ko a taɓa su, kuma suna can ciki a ɓoye, kuma ba za a iya ganin su ba idan har na’urar na rufe. Waɗannan kayayyakin dake cikin zubin akwatin na’urar sune ke tsara bayanai kuma su sanya na’urar kwamfutar yin aikin ta yadda ya dace.

Ga jerin kayyayakin da suke a cikin akwatin kamar haka:-

3.1.0 Na’ura mai ikon wadatar da wuta (Power Supply):Na’ura mai ikon wadatar da wutar lantarki, na maida wutar lantarki yadda nau’urar kwamfuta zata iya amfani da ita batare da wutar ta fi karfintaba.

A duk lokacin da aka kunna kwamfuta na’urar wuta (power supply) na juya wutar lantarkin yadda zata yi amfani ta ko ina asassan kwamfuta, sannan kuma ta kai wutar ga sauran kayayyakin dake cikin kwamfutar.

3.1.1 Shimfiɗaɗɗen Allo (Motherboard):Shimfiɗaɗɗen allo (System board) ana nufin shimfiɗaɗɗen allon da ya kewaye ko ina, wanda ke riƙe da abubuwan dake cikin na’urar kwamfuta, ya kuma haɗa su a kwamfuta suka zauna tare.

A jikin shimfiɗaɗɗen allon, akwai manya-manyan kati ko katuna guda uku; Katin murya wanda shi ke kula da abinda ya shafi sautin murya. Katin hoton bidiyo da ke ɗauke da nauyin kula da hotunan da ake gani a kan majigi ko abin kallo (monitor) sannan kuma shi katin zamani irin na kwamfotucin yanzu na bada damar saduwa da wasu mutane a kwamfutar ka kai tsaye. Bugu-da-ƙari, ga shimfiɗaɗɗen allon,akwai (central processing unit). Shi CPU yana kula da bayanai, sannan ya sanar da sauran kayayyakin dake cikin kwamfutar abin da zasu aiwatar ko a ce zasu aikata.

3.1.2 Ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta (Central Processing Unit)

(CPU) ko kuma a kira shi da (Processor) wani lokaci kuma shi ake kira da ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, aikin da yake yi shine; yanakasancewa mai fashin baƙi da fassara ga dukkan abin da yake faruwa a cikin kwamfuta. Iyakar abin da zanyi misali dashi shine, mutumin da ya je ƙasar da ba sa jin yaren shi,kuma shi baya jin yaren su, dole yana da buƙatar tafinta kenan; wannan tafinta shi ke jin yarenshi kuma yana jin yarensu. Idan yayi magana shi ne zai fassara musu.Idan sun yi magana shi ne zai fassara mishi. To, abin da yake fassarawa kwamfuta abin dake faruwa tsakanin (hardware) da (software) dake jikin ta shine (processor) ko kuma (CPU). Saboda haka dukkan waɗannan (hardware) da suke haɗe ga kwamfuta suna samun taimakon (CPU) ne domin su gabatar da ayyukansu.

To, kamar yadda mutane suke iya ganin (CPU) wani ɗan ƙaramin karfe robaroba ne wanda yake ɗauke da ƙananan (conductors) waɗanda su suke yin wannan aiki. To, shi wannan (processor) an ƙasashi kashi uku, wato dunƙulallen (processor) guda amma kuma a cikinsa, an ware masa ɓangarori guda uku, waɗannan bangarorin kowanne da abin da yake jira ya ji ya shigo, yayi aikin da ya dace da shi.

Su waɗannan ɓangarorinda aka ƙasa kashi uku, wani baya shiga aikin wani, sannan kuma kowannensu aikin da yake yi wani ɓangaren ba zai iya yinsa ba. Sannan kuma dukkansu za su iya yin aiki a lokaci guda domin biyawa kwamfuta buƙatarta, domin kai mai amfani da ita ka yi aiki ba tare da ka samu wata matsala ba. An kasa CPU gida uku wanda suka haɗada: -

·       (Control Unit)

·       ALU (Asthmatics/Logic Unit)

·       Register

Waɗannan sune ɓangarori guda uku da ake samu a cikin (processor) ko kuma CPU wanda zamu yi cikakken bayanin aikin kowane daya daga ciki.

3.1.3 Ɗakin Sarrafa Abubuwa

Ɗakin sarrafa abubuwa ɗaya ne daga cikin gidajen da ake samu a cikin CPU, kuma yana da ɗakuna guda huɗu. Amma kuma aikin da ɗakin sarrafa abubuwan ke yi a dunƙule shine ke jan ragamar gudanar kusan rabin aikin da CPU ke yi a cikin kwamfuta. Amma kuma idan muka ɗauki waɗannan ɗakuna guda huɗu da muka yi magana,ɗakin sarrafa abubuwa na da ɗakunan da ake sarrafa bayanai (data) kamar haka:

·       Karɓo bayanai daga cikin ƙwaƙwalwar CPU

·       Sarrafawa da kuma yin tafinta ga ita kwamfutar ta yadda zata fahimci saƙon da aka ɗauko daga ƙwaƙwalwa (memory)

·       Gabatar da umarni kamar yadda ake son ayi shi

·       Ajiyewa ko kuma rubutawa ƙwaƙwalwa (memory) sakamakon abin da aka gabatar na bayanai ko kuma umarni

Waɗannan ayyuka da ake gabatarwa a cikin waɗannan ɗakuna na ɗakunan sarrafa abubuwa, shi ake kira da yadda mashin ke rayuwa (machine cycle) a turance. Yadda wannan ɗakunan suke yin aiki yayi kama da aikin gona, kama daga shuka zuwa sarrafa shukar zuwa a ci.

Ɗakin da yake karɓar ko dibo umarni ko bayanai (data) daga cikin ƙwaƙwalwar CPU, shi neɗakin farko da yake jira da zarar yaji an taɓa wani maɓalli na (keyboard) ko linzamin kwamfuta (mouse) a jikin kwamfuta sai ya karɓi wannan saƙo (signal) da ya ji, ya kuma rike sakon, sannan ya aika ɗaki na gaba.

Shi kuma wannan ɗaki na gaba shine yake sarrafawa da kuma yin tafinta ga ita kwamfutar yadda zata fahimci sakon da aka ɗauko daga ƙwaƙwalwa (memory), wato a wannan ɗakin kawai ake fassarawa kwamfutar, wannan saƙon (signal) zuwa ga yaren da kwamfutar ke fahimta (Machine Language). A lokacin da kwamfutar ta fahimci wannan saƙo dayake an fassara mata shi a wannan ɗaki sai ta aika shi ɗaki na gaba. Wannan ɗaki na uku shi kuma da zarar wannan saƙo ya shigo sai ya gabatar da shi, abin da kuma ake nufi da gabatar da sakon shine ; a fitarwa mai amfani da kwamfutar ya ga abin da yake yi. Misali idan ka danna maballin (S) bazaka iya ganin shi ba har sai ta bi waɗannan ɗakuna ta wuce sannan kai ka iya ganin abin da ka danna, Allah Ya sa mu gane.

Daga nan bayan bayanan sun bayyana a gare ka sai ɗaki na huɗu wanda shi kuma shine zai ajiye wannan aiki a cikin (memory) na CPU.